References

  1. Terry GC, Hughston JC, Norwood LA. The anatomy of the iliopatellar band and iliotibial tract. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14: 39–45.
  2. Kaplan EB. The iliotibial tract. Clinical and morphological significance. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1958;40A:817–832.
  3. Lobenhoffer P, Posel P, Witt S, et al. Distal femoral fixation of the iliotibial tract. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1987;106:285–290.
  4. LaPrade RF, Wentorf F. Diagnosis and treatment of posterolateral knee injuries. Clin Ortho. 2002;402:110–121.
  5. Terry GC, LaPrade RF. The posterolateral aspect of the knee: anatomy and surgical approach. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:732–739.
  6. Terry GC, LaPrade RF. The biceps femoris muscle complex at the knee: its anatomy and injury patterns associated with acute anterolateral-anteromedial rotatory instability. Am J Sports Med. 1996;24:2–8.
  7. Moore KL. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MA: Williams & Wilkins; 1992:422–432, 452.
  8. LaPrade RF, Hamilton CD. The fibular collateral ligament-biceps femoris bursa: an anatomic study. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25: 439–443.
  9. LaPrade RF, Ly TV, Wentorf FA, et al. The posterolateral attachments of the knee: a qualitative and quantitative morphologic analysis of the fibular collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament, and lateral gastrocnemius tendon. Am J Sports Med. 2003;31:854–860.
  10. Seebacher JR, Inglis AE, Marshall JL, et al. The structure of the posterolateral aspect of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64A: 536–541.
  11. Larson RV, Tingstad E. Lateral and posterolateral instability of the knee in adults. In: Delee and Drez’s, eds. Orthopaedic Sports Medicine. Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2003: 1968–1994.
  12. Watanabe Y, Moriya H, Takahashi K, et al. Functional anatomy of the posterolateral structures of the knee. Arthroscopy. 1993;9:57–62.
  13. Kaplan EB. Surgical approach to the lateral (peroneal) side of the knee joint. Surg Gynel Obstet. 1957;104:346–356.
  14. Staubli HU, Birrer S. The popliteus tendon and its fascicles at the popliteal hiatus: gross anatomy and functional arthroscopic evaluation with and without anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Arthroscopy. 1990;6:209–220.
  15. Last RJ. The popliteus muscle and the lateral meniscus: with a note on the attachment of the medial meniscus. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1950;32:93–99.
  16. Simonian PT, Sussman PS, van Trammel M, et al. Popliteomeniscal fasciculiand lateral meniscal stability. Am J Sports Med. 1997;25: 849–853.
  17. LaPrade RF, Bollom TS, Wentorf FA, et al. Mechanical properties of the posterolateral structures of the knee. Am J Sports Med. 2005; 33:1386–1391.
  18. Juhng SK, Lee JK, Choi SS, et al. MR evaluation of the ‘‘arcuate’’ sign of posterolateral knee instability. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178: 583–588.
  19. Reid JS, Van Slyke MA, Moulton MJ, et al. Safe placement of proximal tibia transfixation wires with respect to intracapsular penetration. J Orthop Trauma. 2001;15:10–17.
  20. Last RJ. Some anatomical details of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1948;30:683–688.
  21. Kaplan EB. The fabellofibular and short lateral ligaments of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg. 1961;43:169–179.
  22. Gollehon DL, Torzilli PA, Warren RF. The role of the posterolateral and cruciate ligaments in the stability of the human knee: a biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1987;69:233–242.
  23. Grood ES, Stowers SF, Noyes FR. Limits of movement in the human knee: effect of sectioning the posterior cruciate ligament and posterolateral structures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70: 88–97.
  24. Veltri DM, Warren RF. Anatomy, biomechanics, and physical findings in posterolateral knee instability. Clin Sports Med. 1994;13: 599–614.
  25. LaPrade RF. The medial collateral ligament complex and posterolateral aspect of the knee. In: Arendt EA, ed. Sports Medicine Orthopaedic Knowledge Update (OKU). Chicago, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1999.
  26. Wroble RR, Grood ES, Cummings JS, et al. The role of the lateral extraarticular restraints in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:257–263.
  27. Butler DL, Noyes FR, Grood ES. Ligamentous restraints to anterior-posterior drawer in the human knee. A biomechanical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1980;62:259–270.
  28. Harner CD, Hoher J, Vogrin TM, et al. The effects of a popliteus muscle load on in situ forces in the posterior cruciate ligament and on knee kinematics: a human cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26:669–673.
  29. Harner CD, Vogrin TM, Hoher J, et al. Biomechanical analysis of a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: deficiency of the posterolateral structures as a cause of graft failure. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28:32–39.
  30. LaPrade RF, Tso A, Wentorf FA. Force measurements on the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon to applied loads. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1695–1701.
  31. Veltri DM, Deng XH, Torzilli PA, et al. The role of the cruciate and posterolateral ligaments in stability of the knee: a biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:436–443.
  32. Skyhar MJ, Warren RF, Ortiz GJ, et al. The effects of sectioning of the posterior cruciate ligament and the posterolateral complex on the articular contact pressures within the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75:694–699.
  33. Anderson DD. Articular contact pressures within the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77:649.
  34. LaPrade RF, Resig S, Wentorf F, et al. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on anterior cruciate ligament graft force. A biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med. 1999;27: 469–475.
  35. LaPrade RF, Muench C, Wentorf F, et al. The effects of grade III posterolateral knee complex injuries on force in a posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft: a biomechanical analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:233–238.
Basic Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Eye references :

Ang, L.P., and Ang, L.P. (2008). Current understanding of the treatment and outcome of acute primary angleclosure glaucoma: An Asian perspective. The Annals, Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 37(3), 210-215. Cavallini, G.M., Lugli, N., Campi, L., Pagliani, L., and Saccarola, P. (2003). Bottle-cork injury to the eye: a review of 13 cases. European Journal of Epidemiology, 13(3), 287-291. Congdon, N.G., and Friedman, D.S. (2003). Angle-closure glaucoma: impact, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Current Opinion Ophthalmology, 14(2), 70-73. Delcourt, C., Cristol, J.P., Tessier, F., Leger, C.L., Michel, F., and Papoz, L. (2000). Risk factors for cortical, nuclear, and posterior subcapsular cataracts: the POLA study. Pathologies Oculaires Liees a l'Age. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151(5), 497-504. Friedman, D.S., Wilson, M.R., Liebmann, J.M., Fechtner, R.D., and Weinreb, R.N. (2004). An evidence-based assessment of risk factors for the progression of ocular hypertension and glaucoma. American Journal of Epidemiology, 138(3 Suppl), S19-31. Hecht, E. (2002). Optics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Jones, L.W., and Jones, D.A. (2001). Non-inflammatory corneal complications of contact lens wear. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, 24(2), 73-79. Kaufman, P.L., and Alm, A. (Eds.). (2003). Adler's Physiology of the Eye (10th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. Kenney, K.S., and Fanciullo, L.M. (2005). Automobile air bags: friend or foe? A case of air bag-associated ocular trauma and a related literature review. Optometry, 76(7), 382-386. Klein, R., Peto, T., Bird, A., and Vannewkirk, M.R. (2004). The epidemiology of age-related macular degeneration. American Journal of Epidemiology, 137(3), 486-495. Leske, M.C. (2007). Open-angle glaucoma – an epidemiologic overview. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 14(4), 166- 172. Liesegang, T.J. (2002). Physiologic changes of the cornea with contact lens wear. Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists Journal, 28(1), 12-27. Morris, D.S., Somner, J.E., Scott, K.M., McCormick, I.J., Aspinall, P., and Dhillon, B. (2007). Corneal thickness at high altitude. Cornea, 26(3), 308-311. Nicolas, C.M., Robman, L.D., Tikellis, G., Dimitrov, P.N., Dowrick, A., and Guymer, R.H. (2003). Iris colour, ethnic origin and progression of age-related macular degeneration. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 31(6), 465-469.
Rivera, J.L., Bell, N.P., and Feldman, R.M. (2008). Risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma progression: what we know and what we need to know. Current Opinion Ophthalmology, 19(2), 102-106.
Rowe, N.G., Mitchell, P.G., Cumming, R.G., and Wans, J.J. (2000). Diabetes, fasting blood glucose and agerelated cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 7(2), 103-114. Sihota, R., Sood, N.N., and Agarwal, H.C. (1995). Traumatic glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 73(3), 252-254.
van Leeuwen, R., Klaver, C.C., Vingerling, J.R., Hofman, A., and de Jong, P.T. (2003). Epidemiology of agerelated maculopathy: a review. European Journal of Epidemiology, 18(9), 845-854.
Wadhwa, S.D., and Higginbotham, E.J. (2005). Ethnic differences in glaucoma: prevalence, management, and outcome. Current Opinion Ophthalmology, 16(2), 101-106. Wolff, E. (1933). Anatomy for Artists.

Surgical anatomy of the kidney and ureters
By : Dan Wood & Tamsin Greenwell
London: Lewis, H.K.

Dan Wood PhD FRCS (Urol) is a Consultant in Adolescent and Reconstructive
Urology at University College London Hospitals and Honorary
Consultant Urologist at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
Conflicts of interest: none declared.
Tamsin Greenwell MD FRCS (Urol) is a Consultant in Female and Reconstructive
Urology at University College London Hospital, UK. Conflicts of
interest: none declared.

FURTHER READING
Agur A. Grant’s atlas of anatomy. 9th edn. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins, 1991.
Bartsch G, Poise S. Approaches in urologic surgery. New York: Georg
Thieme, 1994.
Bishoff JT, Kavoussi LR. Atlas of laparoscopic urology. Philadelphia: WB
Saunders, 2007.
Campbell MF. Campbell’s urology. 8th edn. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,
2002.
Marshall FF. Textbook of operative urology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,
1996.
Moore K, Dalley A. Clinically oriented anatomy. 5th edn. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005.